Every form of foreign-exchange inflow, including aid, can potentially cause real-exchange rate apprecia-
tion, with adverse consequences for the production of tradables (‘Dutch Disease’). Whether it does so depends on the
policy response to the inflow. This paper investigates the issue for Morocco and Tunisia, over 1980–2009. We find that
aid led to a real appreciation in Morocco, but had no effect on Tunisia’s real exchange rate. This confirms the
importance of the macroeconomic framework in which aid is provided, and the key role for infrastructure and other
supply-side improvements in determining the final real-economy impact of aid and other inflows.